By Bianca Ferrari and Christophe Leclercq
This article is part of EURACTIV’s special report #Media4EU: Can innovation beat the crises facing the EU and media?, building on 30 media interviews in 6 countries.
The media sector in Europe is faced with a crisis of legitimacy, according to media experts from six different countries. Other challenges include concentration movements, misinformation about Europe and what EU reporting will be like after Brexit.
The European media sector is looking a bit peaky. Most traditional news outlets find themselves in a vicious circle. Due to economic problems and the switch to online distribution they struggle to keep on providing quality content, which makes audiences less loyal and plunges them into an even deeper financial crisis.
Edwy Plenel, co-founder of the French investigative news site Mediapart, points out that: “We are living an industrial revolution which could even be a civilizational revolution. Maybe one day we will say that the digital transformation is not just like all the other modern-day revolutions, it is more like the invention of the press, meaning something that will forever change the way we access knowledge.”
Edwy Plenel: Europe needs participative media against populism
European Commission president Jean-Claude Juncker must operate in a participative democracy if he wants to carve a proper plan to re-launch the European construction. That is true also for the media, Edwy Plenel said in an interview with EURACTIV.com.
Mainstream media and the fourth pillar
Today more and more consumers obtain their news from social networks and digital natives, and trust in traditional news organisations has plummeted.
Director of El Confidencial Nacho Cardero said: “In Spain there is a lack of confidence in the media that is also, but not exclusively, linked to the country’s economic difficulties. I think mass media need to be stronger and to recover that confidence; otherwise we won’t be able to fight against populism.”
That website has chosen a strictly fact-based editorial line, expressing “news, not views” and focusing on investigative journalism, a strategy they believe to be essential in regaining the trust of the public.
But co-founder of think tank 2084/ Victor Fleurot challenges the idea that traditional media can claim superiority over up-and-coming online voices.
Defining 2016 as “the year when the digital revolution finally hit the nervous centres of democratic power”, he goes on to explain that “there are still serious investigative commentators in new media, and consumers who value independence and integrity.
“But the formats have changed. Is it really effective to lecture people on the independence and impartiality of traditional journalism when the owner of The Sun has bought the Wall Street Journal, when industrial giants control French dailies, and the founder of Amazon runs the Washington Post?”
The editor-in-chief of Spain’s most vocal leftist publication Pùblico, Viginia Perez Alonso, also shared her views on the complacency of the traditional media: “I think that mainstream media writes and publishes for the establishment and what we’ve seen since the invention of the internet is that people can find information anyway.
“[…] So the media keep thinking that they are important and relevant and influential, but probably they aren’t anymore. […] They lost credibility because they can’t realise that they are writing for the establishment while the […] average people are slowly losing their economic position.”
Spain’s Público: Media crisis comes from elitist thinking, distance from the people
The media has lost its credibility because publishers can’t realise they are writing for the establishment while the middle class is slowly losing its economic position, argues Virginia Perez.
Big business infiltration
Threats to media independence have also emerged in countries where the 2008 financial crash still impacts the sector today.
In Italy, Spain and France, but also the UK, business interests are buying into the sector and creating a trend towards media concentration which challenges their plurality and freedom.
Among the voices who expressed concern about this trend, Der Tagesspiegel Publisher Sebastian Turner said: “Media ownership by people who have their majority commercial interests outside publishing is a key issue in those countries.
“For example, Russians have bought into London media and I’m not sure whether they are opposition people who want to be more global or if they are just buying access.
“We now have the same situation for social media and other fields, where you’d be completely surprised about where the money comes from.”
European coverage suffering
Cuts in financing have also forced editors and publishers to make tough decisions on what topics they should allocate their shrinking resources to. As a result, news coverage about other country’s political developments as well as EU policy have not been prioritised.
François Heinderyckx, professor at the Université Libre de Bruxelles and a media expert, warned that “the misrepresentation of the European project among the European Union member States […] generates a crisis of legitimacy.
“A sure sign of what happens when news media go wrong is that people don ’t understand the world they live in, and in this particular case they don ’t understand Europe.”
Media scholar: Let’s be modest about creating a European public sphere
Attempts at creating Europe-wide media have so far fallen flat. But that doesn’t mean all are doomed to fail, according to Belgian Professor François Henderyckx, who says media bosses haven’t really learned the lessons of past mistakes.
But the director of Spanish news agency EFE, José Manuel Sanz Mingote, believes that reporting the EU is something that media organisations cannot do away with: “European affairs is not a subject like any other, it represents essential information for our companies, our institutions, our citizens, professionals etc.
“So as a state company with an obligation to public service we thought that reporting on European affairs was our responsibility.”
Also concerned about the lack of a public European debate, the Leading European Newspaper Alliance (LENA) has set up a network comprising seven newspapers from six countries, dedicated to sharing content and resources.
Lena Director Xavier Moreno, who is also former editor-in-chief of El Paìs, said: “The European project has brought us closer than ever in our history and we sense that there is a lack of common public debate on issues which affect us all and which will come to define our future.
“So beyond sharing content, beyond making the most out of the dwindling resources we all have in the industry, we also have a lofty goal, I would say, which is to contribute to the common public debate, to have a stronger public European public opinion.”
Leading Newspapers Alliance: Media cooperation can affect European Agenda
The EU has brought countries together more than even before, but the lack of a common debate is problematic. The Leading European Newspaper Alliance (LENA) is working towards this goal by bringing together seven newsrooms from seven European countries.
After Brexit
With the upcoming exit of the UK from the European Union, another dilemma emerges: EU reporting has been largely influenced by British outlets with a global vocation, which soon will be looking at Brussels politics from the outside.
Alberto Nardelli, European editor of Buzzfeed UK, calls for a stronger debate on Europe: “The idea of Europe in Germany is different from the one in the UK, in France etc. From a cross-border point of view, the only vision that really travels is whatever is written in English.
“Now it happens to be that lots of the English writing around Europe is very distorted and even false many times, yet those are the type of stories that get cross-border attention. It is not about being pro-EU or anti-EU, it is about having a debate over Europe that is not disproportionately influenced by English-speaking media.
“if there is bias, it will travel across borders, while any partiality by the German media wouldn’t, for example.”
In a 2014 keynote speech at the International Journalism Festival in Perugia, now Chief Digital Officer of Conde Nast Wolfgang Blau also discussed how the narrative on the EU is shaped too much by the Anglo-Saxon press, and outlined his vision for a Pan-European media organisation.
The vice-president of the Global Editors Network (GEN) said: “I visit a lot of newsrooms and I seem to notice […] that their staff is ethnically and culturally usually more homogeneous than the rest of their country and if there is one thing you usually don’t find […] are colleagues and journalists from other European countries.
“We don’t have enough bilingual staff, we don’t have […] enough staff to really identify topics that are relevant in other European countries and that could even be relevant to your country.”
La Stampa: Exchanging journalists could reignite faith in EU
The economic crisis brought about a general malaise and Europe was used as a scapegoat, says Italian newspaper La Stampa‘s Marco Zatterin. However, exchange programmes for media professionals could be the key to revitalising EU reporting.
Creating cross-border media platforms, most likely in English, is one way to go. But one of the early assumptions of the #Media4EU project is that it is possible – and even cost-efficient – to share content and resources through translation and localisation processes backed by a sustainable business model.
This would imply a conscious effort by the sector, and innovative programmes to build new skills for media professionals but also cross-border opportunities which haven’t fully been exploited yet.